Ciro Kirchenchtejn

Introduction
The global prevalence of tobacco smoking reaches about 15% of the world’s population, with repercussions for public health, the economy, social security systems, and the environment. In response to anti-smoking campaigns against combustible cigarettes, the tobacco industry has invested in alternative products. Consequently, the market for electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and other forms of nicotine consumption has expanded rapidly. It is therefore necessary to review emerging evidence that these products threaten users’ mental and physical health, to implement effective public policies for their control, and to prepare health services to manage new forms of nicotine dependence.

Objectives
To review evidence on the harms of combustible cigarettes and other forms of nicotine consumption (e.g., electronic cigarettes and related devices), and to discuss strategies for prevention and control.

Methods — Review methodology
We conducted a narrative review, searching PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO. We prioritized review articles, clinical guidelines, and randomized, double-blind, controlled trials.

Keywords
Nicotine; Tobacco; Review; Electronic cigarettes. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS); Tobacco Use Disorder